Applications Of Polymerase Chain Reaction And Its Use In Generic Research

The living system is full of diversity because of different types of species and interspecies. These different systems are a great topic of interest to scientists and researchers all over the world. At traditional levels, the species are recognized by their morphological characters and traits, and how they interact with their surroundings and other organisms. But this method of characterization fails, as it becomes cumbersome to identify a particular species in a group. So, to eliminate such problems, molecular biology techniques are implemented.  The polymerase chain reaction is one such molecular biology technique that is needed to know the various DNA polymorphisms in an organism. The detection of such DNA polymorphisms becomes easier with the PCR.  

The polymerase chain reaction is of great importance in the scientific world. To clearly understand the basics of the organism’s genetic makeup, PCR is used. Apart from this, the polymerase chain reaction procedure has got equal space in the biological world with high-speed data transfer tools. with new computational approaches and data analysis skills, and tools, PCR is gaining more momentum.  

In generic research also, steps of PCR are executed to carry out the various experiments. As far as genetic research is concerned,  it requires more sophisticated tools for knowing the various scientific makeup of the body.  Tailored qPCR techniques have also been developed to validate the generic research. Many research labs are executing the polymerase chain reactions for understanding the techniques of molecular biology as well as knowing the deep secrets of biological organisms.

Main Applications OF Polymerase Chain Reaction

At present times, PCR is used for many applications.  It is designated as the technique of essential cellular and molecular biology.  The cycle of PCR executes very quickly making it more approachable for other types of applications. The whole PCR executes automatically in a sophisticated system. In standard ways, DNA cloning is also called the  application of polymerase chain reaction.  Further, many diagnostic purposes also make use of the pcr technique.  In RT PCR, technique, viral detection is done which holds a good place in the biological world.  In the context of the judiciary inquiry also, the types of pcr are employed.  The microbiological as well as the quality testing use pcr reaction to give out the results. The pcr amplification is done with precision in the step of pcr in pcr machines, which makes the reaction cycles more approachable.

Following are the main applications of a polymerase chain reaction :

1.  Acellular Cloning

Acellular cloning holds a remarkable position  in the applications of PCR.  The steps of PCR make it easy to isolate and purify a gene without inserting anything in the concerned tissue. Here, the amplification is done of the isolated genes to make their clones further.  These clones are then analyzed and screened for the perfect gene of interest. This method is so popular among scientists, because of its approachability and simplicity.  PCR is used for cloning acellular genes of interest. Here the pcr amplification depends on :

• The choice of DNA extracts
• Primers – a short oligonucleotide used

These points govern the process of acellular cloning. It is essential for having reliable data or the sequences of DNA  to get the perfect cloning of genes of interest. The primer design should be made with precision, as the pcr reaction depends on it.  The whole process of PCR is used to amplify the genes of interest in the lab. An appropriate amount of matrix should be cloned in the steps of pcr to gain the perfect acellular cloning results. Real-time rt pcr can also be used to perform acellular cloning. The reverse transcriptase pcr uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase in the pcr reaction for gene amplification.

2.  Detection Of Genetic Diseases

Genetic diseases arise from any type of mutation that happens in the cells. Several such mutations occur frequently in the organism’s genes which can lead to many genetic diseases.  These diseases are more deadly than somatic ones. The simplest mutations are the deletions that can take a toll on the organism’s body. In the detection of such genetic diseases, pcr is used.  It is used for the pcr amplification in all such parts of genes.  After the whole of the pcr reaction, the analysis of genes takes place which results in the detection of the concerned disease.

With steps of pcr, the differences can be observed. The differences in the sizes of normal and diseased genes give out the detection process.  PCR amplification occurs to test if the organism is suffering from disease or not. Further analysis happens to know the actual genetic makeup of the organism.  The point mutation diseases are also conferred with the help of rt pcr.

RFLP pcr methods can also be employed to learn about genetic diseases. DNA hybridization occurs which can surely make things more observable for researchers and scientists.

3.  Polymerase Chain Reaction In Identification Process

This is one of the important aspects of pcr applications. The identification of various species, individuals, and varieties is done by the implementation of the polymerase chain reaction.  This application of the pcr is based on the knowledge of the genome the researcher has.  The pcr reaction simply amplifies the nucleotide sequences which are specific to species, individual, or variety.  The vast palette of DNA sequences lay in front of the researcher. With this, the further process of analysis is done.  The coding sequences are studied thoroughly and the identification is made.  Different types of species have different phylogenetic properties that make them different. These properties are essential for the organogenesis process. The reverse transcription-polymerase also helps in such pcr applications to reach a perfect result.

4.  Polymerase Chain Reaction In Generic Research

In genotyping research, pcr is used for sequencing genetic information. It is done to know about the differences and variants in the genetic makeup of the organism.  This technique of pcr is very useful in knowing the genotyping sequences for an organism.  Further, it is used to investigate pre-determined and various regions of the desired genome.  Any kind of differences can be known with the genotyping application of the polymerase chain reaction.

It is sometimes confused that genotyping and sequencing are the same. But they are not. Sequencing is defined as the DNA sequence units in a process. While genotyping is defined as a particular genome analysis in the process. For this, the pcr reaction is required.  It all makes up the results of the DNA amplification more precisely and per the piece of DNA.

5.  In Micro-Array Analysis

In the whole process of micro-array analysis, a sample  unit of tissue is taken which is to be compared to the control sample. To determine the differences in expression level between the two types of genes. During the micro-array process,  a fluorescent dye is attached to the small fragments. These fragments of cDNA into previously generated from the experimental and control samples. 

Conclusion

The polymerase chain reactions are important in biological ways. PCRs are the way to get DNA cloning and amplification, which gives out the perfect analysis. In research analysis, the polymerase chain reactions play a vital role in the process of research which would make the way for further analysis. Quantitative pcr also works in the applications of pcr which holds a special place in governing the applications.